Saturday, December 6, 2008

Dana Payne Final Project

Dana Payne
Seminar in Composition
Dr. Adam Johns
12/5/08

I decided to write a short story for my final project.  This short story focuses on Tate Marah from
Lilith's Brood.  She's a fascinating character that perfectly portrays the hierarchical nature of people from the female perspective.  Tate is manipulative in such a way that people don't mind it.  She uses everything she was given to her advantage and is unendingly cunning.  This short story is, hopefully, a story that shows the nature of people and their innate need to always have some sort of power, even if it is only imagined.  The sources I used referred to xenophobia and primal behavior, which humans often fall upon when backed into a figurative corner.  Also, I researched feminism in science fiction.


From a young age, Tate Marah knew what cards she had in the hand dealt to her.


Being the daughter of real estate tycoons taught her that she needed to have certain capabilities in order to get what she wanted in the world.  She knew that to get what she wanted in the world, she had to have tactics--the way her parents had tactics in finagling real estate prices.  Except she was born with certain assets that enabled her to manipulate everyone around her before she was even five years of age.  


One of the cards in her lucky hand was her face.  When Tate looked in the mirror she knew what others saw when they gazed on her:  the face of total and complete innocence.  Her skin and hair were so pale that one was instantaneously reminded of a cherub.  The large blue eyes that emoted so very well did nothing to help the willpower of whomever she was manipulating at the time.  Who could say no to the face of a living doll?  


The card which best complimented the first was her mind, which she owed in part to the nature of her parents’ work.  Tate could practically see through people and know what makes them tick.  This perceptiveness helped her in knowing exactly what to say to make people give her want she wanted without them even knowing Tate was the puppeteer in the whole scheme.  One particular scheme she utilized whenever she was caught making some sort of mischief, mostly on her never-present parents and governess.  When they first realized she was causing trouble she would look at them, being sure that her large, blue eyes were wide and beginning to glisten with tears, while her mouth was bent into a slight pout.  Once Tate saw their conviction to punish her weakening, she would let flow some carefully timed tears.  Of course, body language was essential in this mix.  Making sure her feet were close together and her posture slightly hunched, Tate would ball her fists and hold them close together over her heart, making the picture of childish innocence that much more vivid.   


Then to bring home her well-played performance she would whimper, “Do you still love me?”  If the mischief was severe enough she would a slight stutter to the question.  The expression on the faces of her parents and governess were the reward for her excellent acting.  Rage would flood away from their faces and be replaced by sympathy, proceeding to pick her up and hug her tightly, gently whispering that of course they still loved her.  


What they never realized was that Tate’s cherubic visage would warp instantly into a victorious smirk once her face was out of view.  


Tate got away with it every single time.  Who would ever suspect a little angel who often seemed a saint to mostly play the devil?  


Another useful card in her deck was her adaptability.  She was a malleable clay to the hands of her environment in order to remain on top of things and have a sense of control over the situation.  Her natural acting skills allowed her to be the confident, assured girl or the shy, yet sweet-tempered child.  Tate was whatever she needed to be in order to have control over everyone without them even being aware of it.  


At some point in her life, she realized she was too good at manipulating people.  So good that she eventually became bored of it.  When this revelation happened upon her, Tate purposefully left evidence of her involvement in various childish antics.  Her lies were quickly fabricated and increasingly creative.  It was how she started having fun with her game again.  


Even that became a bore eventually.  Her parents and governess were old hat.  So when she started school, she shifted her focus to her teachers, often challenging them and starting arguments which often led to a trip to the principal’s office.  Tate would bend their words, make them her owns, and use them against any who challenged her.  


As far as grades, of course she overachieved at first, but as with everything that eventually came easy to her, the young, restless girl grew tired of it.  She only continued to have good marks for the sake of competition and to get into a good college, which she would undoubtedly do thanks to her parents’ wealth.  


When she came of age to pursue the opposite sex, Tate played it as a game as well, finding the most influential, difficult, argumentative, and challenging boy she could.  Then the game of subtly molding them to her liking.  Once it became boring however--it always did--the flighty teenager rid them from her life, often matching them to a friend.  Someone more suitable than her.  


It was also during her teenage years that Tate Marah first attempted suicide.  Her life was laid in front of her like some kind of fenced path, no turns, no options.  All Tate wanted was to find something on which she could forever expound her endless energy.  This undying need to locate something so challenging, so difficult that she couldn’t possibly overcome it in her lifetime, plagued her constantly.


In short, Tate attempted suicide because she was bored and frustrated with her own restlessness, feeling that she was too energetic to ever be happy.  Pills were her chosen poison.  Overdosing on her mother’s depression medication, Tate felt a sense of excitement as she awaited the effects.  


The attempt was unsuccessful.  Her mother had found her face down on the floor of her bedroom, unconscious.  After being rushed to the hospital, the girl’s stomach was pumped, emptied of all the harmful material.  Needless to say her parents were both in hysterics and found the best therapist in New York City just for their little angel.  Too proud to ever accept that she needed psychological aid, Tate would turn her sessions into verbal spars, being sure that the therapist learned nothing of her.  She would not disclose the details of herself to a total stranger.  It was a new form of amusement in her life.


Conversations often consisted of her therapist asking how she felt.

“Hungry,” she would respond, making sure she sounded completely serious.  


As if she could answer honestly anyway.  Tate rarely knew what she herself felt for the frequency of changing feelings.  She felt infinite and infinitesimal, full and empty, angelic and demonic.


No one could understand that about her, Tate thought.  They never would.  She barely understood it herself.  This frustration caused her to withdraw from society.  Because of her flightiness she was prone to fits of absolute recklessness, so Tate would spare her friends the possible consequences of her own discontentment.  


After failing suicide via overdose, Tate decided that she would give it a second try.  This time she would use something a little more direct.  Once she had read about a Japanese samurai custom called seppuku:  stomach-cutting.  It was a part of their code of honor--to die by their own hand rather than those of their enemy.  She thought it very brave and morbidly fascinating.  The drama of it all intrigued her.  


Of course, Tate was discovered with the knife in her hand, sweating profusely and tears streaming down her face with the blade held out in front of her, ready to plunge it into her body.  


More drastic therapy sessions followed.  


This was about two years before the war started and a year after she graduated high school.  Living was easy before the war.  So easy that it had become boring.  


Tate had been alone in Rio de Janeiro on vacation, when the war started.  Despite the protests of her parents, she remained in Rio, surviving and helping others do the same.  With war upon them, living was difficult.  To preserve humanity was her new game, and this one she wouldn’t be able to accomplish.  She came to love it.  


When human kind began to destroy itself, she resented it for taking away that which possessed her energy.  Suicide was everywhere.  People that she had helped survive had even begun to lose hope, many of them giving in before their lives could be taken by the dogs of war.  Seppuku.  The honorable death.  Though she felt a hypocrite for it, Tate was angry with those who committed suicide.  Even she could see that the human race was on a downward slope with no hope of being saved anytime soon.  Fighting to live was more important now than ever.


The next thing Tate knew most of the Northern Hemisphere was essentially demolished.  No cities.  Nature distorted by destruction.  She had heard that some of the most familiar animals, those ones that everyone had taken for granted for the longest time, were suddenly erased.  It was hard to believe that there were no more bears.  




Tate had been out buying food when it had happened.  Out of the blue, she started to feel dizzy, lightheaded.  The fruit she had been testing for firmness suddenly felt heavy and looked far away.  As though her eyes had suddenly stopped working, everything went black and she felt like she was falling forever.


The next time Tate woke, she woke slowly, as though she had been sleeping in her bed as usual.  At first, she had thought she was.  Once her eyes were cleared of the sleepy blurriness, she realized that she was inside of a small room.  Panicking, Tate sat up too quickly after waking, causing disorientation.  After shaking her head to clear her mind, she observed her environment more closely.


No door, no windows.  The walls a maddeningly dull pale gray.  Above her, the ceiling glowed dimly, the only light in the room.  It was then that she realized she was on some sort of low platform.  Standing more slowly this time, she observed the platform.  It was the same color as the walls and connected to the floor.  She placed a hand on the nearest wall and one on the platform.  The same texture was beneath her hand.  Cold and smooth.  Somehow strange.


A shiver ran through her, making her panic that much greater.  Tate looked over the room about a hundred more times before she realized that she was unclothed.  


It was the first time the question had dawned upon her.  Someone must have captured her.  There must have been something done to her.  Where was she when she was captured?  Struggling for a few seconds to recall the memory, as if dusting off an old photo, Tate saw the fruit she had held in her hand before passing out.  She was getting food.  All she had remembered was sudden dizziness.  Why?  How?


She would have felt anything penetrating her skin.  The people with whom she was residing wouldn’t have drugged her food.  Would they?  Would they want to get rid of stubborn, relentless Tate?  Resentment flooded her, and she fought the thought away.  She had trusted those people.  They had helped each other.  Four women all together, including Tate, had organized a group to help those who needed it in anyway possible.  Building new homes, cooking, scavenging for food.  Whatever it took.  They had been harmonious, all of them happy with each others’ presence.  Each had unique strengths which contributed to the benefit of the group to create a small, but formidable community.  


No, it couldn’t have been them.  They were her family.  It must have been airborne.  A drug released into the air, but by whom?  


Loneliness struck her.  It had been so long since Tate had felt so vulnerable, standing bare as her day of birth in the middle of a windowless, doorless room.  Even so, Tate felt eyes on her.  From every direction.  Someone was watching.  They had to be.  She searched for what felt like an eternity for a camera, a microphone--anything.  They had to be watching.  


Tate didn’t even know who they were.  Her first thought ran to Russians, but she wasn’t so sure.  Why would Russians capture her?  A hostage, perhaps?  It’s the only possibility of which she could think.


She walked around looking for any significant details.  A vent, some kind of opening.  Anything would have placated her.  Tate did this for about--she wasn’t sure how long.  Time had no significance in here.  Nothing had significance.  She was the only unique part of the room.  


After occupying her mind with her trivial inspection of the room, Tate was startled out how frightened she was.  Fright was the sensation she perceived first.  Alone, cold, naked.  Small, insignificant.  Fragile.  She had never felt so fragile, as though her destiny was caught up in the hands of someone other than her.  In this room, this maddeningly featureless room, the only thing that could allow her any kind of power or control over the situation was her mind.  


Then, blinding rage filled her.  She didn’t even understand it at first.  It was so powerful that it hurt her somehow.  She wanted to hurt someone, something.  She needed to feel in control.  Needed that power so she didn’t feel so unbelievably weak.  


Tate then did something she hadn’t done in years.


She cried.  The violence that overwhelmed her was astonishing.  She felt so ashamed.  Her normally immovable self-control had been shaken.  All because of this damn room.  


‘No,’ Tate thought to herself as she wiped tears away from her face, standing in the center of the room.  ‘Whoever has captured me.  They won’t win.  I can’t let them.  This room won’t win.  I won’t let it.’


It was a mantra for the next length of time that passed.  This was a new game.  Grasp your sanity and do not break down under any circumstances.  No suicide this time.  Like during and after the war, the challenge was to live.  Tate would not bow to weakness.  Her captors would not receive that satisfaction.  Though she had found no signs of a camera or microphone, Tate knew there was someone there.  She knew it.  There must have been.


Most of her time thereafter was spent lying down on the platform, drawing images of her past to mind.  Though she was never close to them, Tate fondly remembered her parents and forced herself to think of the happy moments that passed between them while together, which had been a rare occurrence.  She thought fondly of the smell of her home, trying to recall every scent that she could.  In her captivity, Tate mentally toured her own home, just to remember what it was like.


She remembered conversations with people to defy the loneliness that overwhelmed her at times.    Sometimes Tate would fabricate stories in her mind.  Just to feel like she was existing outside of this box, her only small part of the world.  It wasn’t long before she began wondering whether there was a world outside of it.  She had to convince herself that there was.  It was one of the goals of her game.  Last long enough to taste freedom again.  The outside world.  


For the most part her environment never changed.  The only changes were the bowl of food that somehow magically appeared on her platform and the corner in which she relieved herself being magically clean.


She attributed it to the silence of her captor’s movements and a door was in the room somewhere.  After she received her first meal--a gray, shapeless stew that didn’t taste bad, but instead tasted of nothing at all--Tate occupied herself with searching for a crease anywhere in the  room that could possibly reveal a portal.  As usual, her efforts were fruitless.  


The same pattern followed for what Tate counted as twelve cycles:  food, occupying herself with a random activity, drawing memories from her past or creating stories in her mind, sleep.  After the twelfth cycle, Tate heard a voice.  It made her heart skip a beat in fright.  The only sound she had heard was that of her own poor singing voice, ensuring that she remembered her favorite songs.  


Even though these people were her captors, Tate was soothed by the voice.


“Hello,” the soothing voice echoed through the room.  It seemed as though it was coming from the ceiling, but she couldn’t be sure.  The acoustics of the material around her were indeterminable.  


After being thoroughly startled, Tate’s pale eyes darted around the room.  She sat on the platform and defensively pulled her knees to her chest.  Without having realized it, she had let panic contort her youthful face.  Tate forced herself to relax, allowing the corners of her lips to tilt into a smirk.


“Hello to you, too,” Tate responded, keeping her voice steady.  


Just as calm as before the voice asked, “What is your name?”


Levelly she retorted, “It’s rather rude to ask for a name when you haven’t given your own.”


Silence followed.  Whoever it was, they didn’t want Tate to know their identity.  She wondered if they would hurt her were she too sharp-tongued.  Hopefully, her charm was still in working order, and more importantly, it hopefully affected her captors.  Charm wouldn’t work if they were immovable.  Realizing that even with the possible direness of her situation, Tate would rather them take her life than her pride.  Though she had no control over her own life anymore, she had her will.


After a short time the voice spoke again.


“Where are you from?”


With all cheerfulness in her voice, she professed with a smile, “Probably the same place as you.  Earth.  A woman’s womb.  What’s it to you anyway?”


Silence again.  It seemed they didn’t like it when she asked anything of them.  After another short pause, there was another question.


“How old are you?”


“Young enough.”


“That is not an answer.  Please respond in the form of a number.”


“Age isn’t always judged by a number, you know?”


“What was your occupation?”


“Occupying.”


“Did you have a husband before the war?”


“Why?  Interested in little ol’ me?”


These verbal sparring matches normally ended in silence on the part of her interrogators.  A victory for her, albeit a small one.  She could almost feel their exasperation and sincerely hoped she wasn’t just imagining it.  It made her feel powerful--to have a wall separating them, yet triumphing over them all the same.


Once she entered sleep the night after her first conversation, Tate subconsciously realized that she was sleeping too long.  It was as though she was trapped in some kind of hibernation.  Images flew through her mind like dreams, but more vivid.  Somehow frightening because if their clarity.


One day. Tate jumped out of her dreamy captivity.  It was very unpleasant at first what with her heart pounding and her breathing so labored that she curled into a ball and let small waves of spasms crawl through her body.  Eventually, she was able to fight them away.


When she did, Tate looked through the room again, hoping for at least a small change.  Something different than the uninteresting gray of her prison.  She had to do a double-take to comprehend that there was a change.  A door.  


Standing too quickly, she stumbled deliriously to the portal.  Although disappointed at first, Tate rejoiced at the presence of a bathroom within her tiny confines.  Finally, another room.  No more using a corner as a restroom.  


Another interrogation followed her Awakening, the term her captors used for it.  They received no more information than they had the first time through.  Tate Marah would not succumb to anyone.  Not while she had a choice, something which she had come to value highly.  For now, they couldn’t make her do anything.  Not until they started threatening her, and even then,  Tate would resist while she could.  


Unfortunately she couldn’t resist the deep sleep that followed what felt like years of being Awake.  She found that she preferred the long sleep to being Awake with her mind flying around restlessly.  The abyss of madness loomed at her feet, or so she feared, and letting her mind be silent was the only way from falling into it.


This sleep, however, was noticeably longer.  Tate was vaguely aware of the possibility that she had died.  If she had, this couldn’t be heaven, nor was it hell.  Hopefully, she was in limbo.  The possibility of simply ceasing to exist haunted her.


It wasn’t until something changed that she regained any hope.  She was moving or being moved.  Toward heaven, she thought hopefully.  There was something pacifying about the thought.  Tate almost looked forward to it.


For a moment she really thought it was heaven.  Light flashed to life, penetrating the skin of her closed eyelids.  What did heaven look like?


Forcing her eyes to open, she instantly shouted, “Get away from me!”  


The tall, broad-faced African woman backed away slightly, but not far enough for Tate.


“Who are you?  What are you doing?” Tate asked.


The woman stared at her blankly and replied with a dry tone, “Trying to get you dressed.  You can do it now--if you’re strong enough.”


Tate nearly sneered, but decided against it and continued dressing herself.  She stared at this stranger for awhile, studying her closely.  Some part of her was happy to see another human being after all that time without contact, which is why she was so agreeable.  Another reason for her amiability was the power this woman seemed to emit.  Not a terribly intimidating power, but a certain authority that was comforting.  Tate couldn’t help but notice the difference between this woman, whose name she discovered was Lilith.  She was tall, while she was short.  She was dark skinned, while she was translucent.  She was sturdy, while she was delicate.  


Tate wasn’t surprised when her mind involuntarily began to formulate tactics to get ahead.  She reasoned that so long as she wasn't dead, accepting the situation at hand would be the best choice.  Lilith had told her all the reasons for Awakening her first, causing her to smirk.  She had never been very subtle about her pride.  Also,  aligning with the right people would be the best decision right now.  Lilith, seemingly in the employ of their supposedly otherworldly jailers, was the best alliance for now.  This would be exciting to a point, but dangerous all the same with people Awakening.  One of them could end up killing either she or Lilith.  Somehow, this possibility was thrilling. 


New players were joining her game.  






Barr, Marleen S.. Future Females. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefied Publishers, Inc., 2000.


Holloway, Ralph L.. Primate Aggression, Territoriality, and Xenophobia. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1974.


Melzer, Patricia. Alien Constructions. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.



Critique posts

I wasn't sure if we were supposed to post our critiques here or in the email.  i critiqued Sean Osterman's final project in class on Monday, and i liked the concept of his paper.  I suggested that he make his counter argument stronger and more concise, which in turn would force him to strengthen his argument.  I also thought that some of his quotes were long, and did not relate well to his thesis.  I suggested that he try to make his argument more specific, since it was a broad topic that could go off on a lot of tangents.  Overall I thought it was a good draft that needed a little work

Jim Abbott Final Project

Jim Abbott

Seminar in Composition

Dr. Adam Johns

                                                            Hiding in Technology

 

“Honey did you finish your essay for your college applications yet?”

  “Yeah I’m almost done Mom.” Replied Louie, while perusing FaceBook for the fifth time today.  

The truth was that Louie had hardly begun his college applications.  He wanted to but he could not motivate himself enough to sit down and contemplate where he wanted to spend his next four plus years.  Acceptance for the schools was not the hard party, intelligence was never his problem, with a 1340 on his SAT’s, he should be able to get into any of the colleges he wanted to apply to.  It was fear that was preventing him from starting the applications.

            Louie picked up his phone and text messaged his friend Mark to see if he wanted to come over and play Madden 2009 on his brand new Playstation 3.  It was a beautiful day outside, but virtual sports sounded more appealing than actual sports to Louie.  He could play as a Professional athlete on his Playstation, rather than settle for the mediocre athlete who recently got cut from his basketball team in real life. 

When Mark arrived, the two went immediately up stairs to marvel at the breathtaking graphics of the video game on a High Definition television.  The two had been friends since elementary school, and were soon to be going to different schools for the first time in thirteen years. 

            “Man, this is the best set up I’ve ever seen.  If I had this in my room I would never leave.  There would be no point to leave.”  Said Mark.

            “Yeah, its pretty awesome, I can play for hours on end without getting bored, it’s relaxing.  It really puts a damper on my homework though,” replied Louie.

             The two focused all of their attention on the videogame, and never once brought up the topic of college.  They both knew that they did not have any similar colleges in their list of potential schools, and were well aware of the fact that for the first time in their lives they would not be able to hang out whenever they so desired.  There would be pressure on them to leave the comforts of their olds lives, and embrace a new life with completely new people.  This was not a topic they wanted to talk about however, they would much rather pretend as if it was not happening, and enjoy the videogame for what it was worth.  The time would come when they would have to go in their separate ways.  Right now though, winning this animated football game was their biggest concern.  This was a time where they could put all of the problems and pressures of being a college applicant on the back burner, and pretend to be a professional football player.  This game provided a sense of relief from the outside world, and an escape from future problems.

            “I’m going to destroy you in this game, just for the record,” joked Mark.

            “I don’t see it that way,” replied Louie.  “I think I should have this game well in hand by halftime.”

            And so the trash talk began.  Mark and Louie became encapsulated in video pixels and hand held controllers.  The next two hours would be a blur as they competed ferociously in a game that had no spectators and no awards.  The winner would soon be forgotten, and the loser would be left upset and disgruntled.   Tomorrow the game would be a distant memory, but at the time, the game was the most important thing in the world, more important than schoolwork and obligations combined. 

            After the game Mark went home, most likely to play against the computer so that he could soon avenge his loss to Louie.

            At dinner, Louie was exceptionally quiet, as he spent more time checking his phone for text messages than he did eating his food.  His mom did her best to engage him in conversation, but it was futile.

 She had other things on her mind as well, and was dying to get on the computer to see if the man she had met on “eHarmony” had e-mailed her back yet.  She was tired of the single life, and desperately wanted to go out on a date.  She was nervous though, it had been so long since her last date that she was not sure how to act.  There were a few men that she knew who were single, but she lacked the courage to ask them out face to face.  If they turned her down, she would be an emotional wreck.  She could not possibly handle the embarrassment of watching a man pass on her offer or frantically make up an excuse to get out of it. 

            “Did you start to narrow down the list of what colleges you want to visit?” she asked.

            “No, I took the virtual tour, I think I’ve seen all I need to see,” said Louie sarcastically.

The truth was that he was scared to check out the colleges, it meant that the realities of going away to school were becoming incredibly close.  He would soon have to give up his own private sanctuary that was his room, and share a much smaller room with a complete stranger.  His small group of close friends that he hung out with since elementary school would no longer be around, and it would be completely up to him to make new friends.  He was a not a very outgoing person, and he had become even more reclusive since he stopped playing basketball.  Ever since being cut he lost his confidence, and didn’t feel comfortable around others the way he used to.  He knew going away to school would be challenging.  Just the thought of it made him nervous, and he immediately grabbed his phone to send an innocuous text message to his friend, to take his mind off of college.   This was his way of handling the stress. 

            “Honey, we really need to start checking out some of these schools, the earlier you get your applications in the better, now I was thinking that maybe we could go this weekend, preferably Saturday.”

            “Saturday? Oh can we not do Saturday?  I really want to watch this basketball game on TV, it’s going to be the game of the year.”  Pleaded Louie

            “Fine Louie, we’ll put off another college visit off for another weekend because you need to watch some stupid game on TV.  Hey, its your life, if you want to go to a college without checking it out I’m not going to stop you.”

            The guilt trip did not work on Louie, as he was eager to spend another weekend in the comforts of his own home.  His mom had no idea of the real reasons why he was so stubborn against her efforts of the college search.  He never told her that he was nervous, and that he was not sure that the colleges he was applying to were right for him.

Louie ended their conversation by excusing himself from the dinner table, and taking his dish over to the sink.  His mom still had half of her meal left, but he knew where this conversation was heading, and he did not want any part of it.  He left the kitchen before his mom could ask what was really bothering him?  And why he refused to spend one day away from home to tour a college? 

 She did not understand the problems her son was facing, because he never opened up to her.  She would have loved to know what was going on in her son’s mind, but she never was able to reach him.  He was always too busy on the phone, on the computer, or on the television.  She would pry occasionally, but this would only lead to a further disconnect.  Once she even grounded him, and took away his TV, computer, and video game counsel.  She thought it would help, force him to entertain himself is more productive ways, but it was ineffective.  He became even more shut in, and was incredibly irritable.  The two days had felt like an eternity, and she was finally relieved to give back his precious appliances, so that her life could go back to normal.

            Later that night, Louie had to write a paper for his English class that was due the next day.  Of course, he had waited until the night before to start it.  Even with the paper being due within a matter of hours, Louie still found time to procrastinate.  Rather than work on his introduction paragraph, he scoured the Internet watching youtube videos, and checking out his friends’ pictures on FaceBook.  Despite having a clear sense of what he was going to write, he was unable to start his paper for a solid 45 minutes.  His word document was left blank, with only a header, as Louie wasted his time on the wonderful World Wide Web.  He looked over his old papers that were saved on his computer to see if he could refresh his mind on how to write a quality paper.  As he read his old essays that received very high marks, he stopped searching for ways to improve his writing style, and instead began looking for parts that would fit in his current essay.  He pieced together an introductory paragraph that was composed of three of his former essays, only changing minor words to match the new topic.

  The paper eventually got done at the time of one-thirty AM, over four and a half hours after he sat down to write the paper that was no longer than two and a third pages.  Louie went to bed with the satisfaction of finishing the paper, even though he knew it was not his best work.  He was a far more capable write than what he showed in that paper.

            The next morning Louie had an awful time getting out of bed in time for school.  The morning came far too fast in his opinion, and he hit the “snooze” button three times before he finally got out from under the covers.  Once he did, he had a shocking revelation that he forgot something.  He had a calculus take home test that was due second period, and he did not start it yet.  He promised himself that he would not only do the test this weekend, but learn the concepts in the chapter as well, but he continued to put it off.  He took the course with the intentions of getting college credit for it, but with the exam lurking, he was having serious doubts.  The class seemed to be moving faster and faster, and he kept falling behind.  This weekend was supposed to be when he caught up in the class, but instead he procrastinated to the point that he forgot to do it.

            “You sure you don’t want any break fast?” his mom asked.  “You’re going to be starving all day.”

            “No, I’m fine, trust me, I really need to get to school though, I don’t have time,” said Louie hurriedly,

            Once in school, Louie rapidly searched the hallways looking for someone in his calculus class that could give him the answers to the homework.  After 15 minutes of searching, he finally found Julie, who reluctantly let him borrow his homework after he pleaded with her that this would be the last time he would ask for help. 

            Louie scribbled down the answers, failing to comprehend any of the questions that were on the sheet.  He was gradually slipping in that class and he knew it.  At some point he would have to go back to the book and catch up, and he promised himself that he would look over the test later to make sure he understood the concepts. 

            After his second period calculus class however, the test was a distant memory, and he stopped worrying about falling behind.  He got the answers right on the test, and that was all that mattered.

            Later in school that day, Louie was struggling to stay awake during his economics class.  He was running on five hours of sleep and no breakfast, and it was beginning to catch up to him.  Rather than fall asleep on his desk, he chose to text his friend three rows over.  Class was over before he knew it, and he retained absolutely nothing from it.

            School was over for the day, and Louie managed to survive it.  He needed sleep, and could not wait to go home and relax.  His friends were going to play pick-up basketball over at the park, but he turned down the invitation.  Ever since being cut from his High School team, he had lost the love for the game.  He used to love playing, but the embarrassment from not making the Varsity team after playing two years on Junior Varsity, made him want to forget about playing basketball.  His friends never realized how much it was hurting him they just assumed that he was bored with the game.  Every time they asked him to play, Louie made it sound like he had better things to do, and that he did not want to waste his time.  The truth was that playing in recreational games made him want to play on the High School team even more.  Ever since being cut, Louie had hardly played. 

It was pitiful to think that he would rather spend his afternoon secluded from his friends, but the temptation of the couch and TV was too much to pass up.  His life was becoming painfully repetitive in a cycle that he was not fond of.  Staying up late for no real reason, going through the school day unenthused and fatigued, and heading back to his house where he took comfort in letting the TV wash over him.

            “How was school?” his mom asked from the kitchen.

            “Ugh, it was alright I guess, kind of boring.”  Replied Louie, trying to keep the conversation to a minimum as he made his way upstairs to his room.

            His mom wanted to know more about her son’s day, but she knew there was no point in intruding.  She had her own concerns as well, as she had finally arranged a date.  Her tedious work on her online dating website had paid off, and a time and place had been arranged.  She knew nothing about the guy, but this was no matter to her.  She felt more comfortable meeting a complete stranger for drinks than she did asking out a man who she knew well and whose presence she enjoyed.  It was her first date since her husband left, and the stress of potentially being single the rest of her life was wearing her out.  It was more an act of desperation than anything.  She was aware of how strange it was that she used the Internet as a means to meet men, when there were a few single men that she knew personally.  The Internet provided her with anonymity though, which gave her confidence, something she normally had little of.  If the guy turned her down on the Internet, so what?  At least it was not in person.  She would just delete him, and move on to the next guy.

Upstairs, Louie made his way to his room.  His mom, even if she wanted to, could not interrupt him when he was watching TV, or on the computer.  His mind was focused on the screens in front of him, not on her.  She had tried before, but to no avail.  He simply kept his answers short, and prevented the conversation from lasting long.  He never elaborated on anything that happened to him during the day.  He just stated the facts, and that was that.  She lacked the energy to compete for his attention, so she let him go.

            Upstairs, Louie turned on the television to ESPN, and watched the sports highlights that he had watched twice the night before.  He didn’t care that he had seen them earlier they were still enjoyable to him.  Watching the basketball highlights reminded him of the better times in his life.  When he was apart of a team, with teammates that were as close to him as brothers.  He missed those days, he thought about them as he watched a replay of the Lakers vs. Cavaliers game the night before. 

            Louie lasted about forty-five minutes before he fell asleep.  Over at the park, his dearest friends were outside playing basketball.  He would soon be away from his friends, and into a new life at a new school.  He could not hang out with them today, much like he couldn’t last week because the temptation to lie on the couch and watch TV was too great.  He was perpetually tired, and it was preventing him from spending time with his friends, even though they would soon be going in different directions.

            Louie awoke from his nap with a feeling of emptiness.  He felt groggy, and was upset that once again he chose to be alone rather than be with his friends.  He was going to miss those guys a lot he realized, and that reminded him about his college applications.  He tried to motivate himself to get started on them, but could not bring himself to do it.  He signed on to his instant messager, and chatted with his buddy for fifteen minutes.  The common application for his list of schools was opened in another window, but he never made his way over to it. 

            His mom called up for dinner, and Louie reluctantly signed off and made his way down stairs.  Another wasted day in the college search, he promised himself that he would work on them after dinner, but he knew this wasn’t true.  “The Office” was on at 9 o’clock, and he would most likely keep the TV on far after the show was over.  That’s how it was every Monday for him.

 He wished college wasn’t approaching as fast as it was.  Everyday he became more stressed out, and every day he fell farther and farther behind in the application process.  The applications were starting to control his life, even though he hadn’t even begun them.

After dinner, Louie retreated back to his fort that is his room.  His mom let him go, naively believing that he was almost finished with his applications and on top of his school work.  She didn’t know what was really going on with her son, and he refused to open up to her.

Louie flipped on the TV, and rested his head on his pillow.  When his favorite shows were on he forgot about the problems he had earlier in the day.  He forgot about the stress of applying to colleges, and he forgot about the inevitability of leaving the comfort level of his hometown.

Louie pushed his book bag behind the table in his room.  Inside of it was his Calculus notes and book, which he took home with the intention to study.  They were out of site now, and so it was easy for Louie to forget about them.  He was getting comfortable on the couch, and another nap seemed inevitable.  He fixed his eyes on the television with the intention to stay awake, but he was running on very little sleep from the night before.  It was only 6:30 pm, but it felt like midnight for Louie, who undoubtedly was headed for a mid day nap that would mess up his sleeping habits for another day.  The book bag stay closed, and the Calculus book remained un-open for another day.  His Economics notebook rested against the Calculus book, with no intentions of moving.  Louie was falling into the peaceful state before a nap, where the noise from the television meshed in with his dream.  His schoolwork lied perfectly still, while he too lied still.

He woke up two hours later, but never fully recovered from the nap.  He was in a constant haze, and lacked the motivation to accomplish anything productive.  He thought about attempting some practice Calculus problems, but that thought was quickly erased from his mind.  He was not mentally sharp enough to focus on equations since he was still reeling from a counterproductive nap. 

And so it began, the beginning of the cycle that was Louie’s life.  He would stay up late again tonight, occupying his time with the nonsense that was primetime TV.  After the shows, he would turn on his Playstation 3, and play a couple of games of his brand new video game.  When this would begin to bore him, he would head to the computer with the intentions of getting some work down, but he knew this was a lie.  He would let the Internet take him, and he would mindless surf the profile pages of his friends and classmates on FaceBook.  He would get to bed late again, and he knew it.  Even when he tried to go to bed earlier, he couldn’t do, he would just lay down and look at the ceiling.  So the cycle continued, and Louie could not break it.  He would wake up late, go to school tired, and just barely get through his classes.  His schoolwork was slipping, and he was growing gradually disinterested in all of his classes.

 The deadline for college applications was rapidly approaching, and his essays were still unwritten.  He still needed two letters of recommendations from his teachers, but he was having a tough time thinking of a teacher who would want to vouch for him.  His teachers this year viewed him as lazy, and quiet in class.  His old teachers liked him, but Louie did not have the courage to ask them for a favor yet.    

In the next room, his mom signed on the computer and checked her email for the third time that day.  She scanned her inbox unassumingly, until she saw another email from the man she was supposed to meet for a date.  He had cancelled at the last minute for what he described as “work emergency.”  She wanted to believe the excuse, but she could not.  She knew that he had cold feet about the date, and the “work emergency” was just a lie that he used to get off the hook without hurting her or confronting her.  She was crushed. 

Louie and his mom sat twenty feet apart divided only by a wall that separated their rooms.  Inside, each of them was on their computers attempting to take their minds off their problems.  Louie was procrastinating his homework and college applications, while his mom searched an online dating website in hopes for finding a man who would not turn her down.  Neither one of them knew of the others problems, and neither one of them wanted to discuss their problems.  They both just scanned the screen aimlessly and kept to themselves.  Soon the morning would come, and a new day would begin.  They would have a meaningless talk at breakfast, and go on their separate ways for the day.  In the evening they would reunite, but their problems would still be existent.  Their problems would lead his mom to the Internet, and Louie to the television and computer.  Only there could they escape from their problems.

 

 

                                                  Works Cited

 

1.) Lavoie, Jennifer A. "Cyberslacking and the Procrastination Superhighway."

     Sage Journals Online 19.4. 22 Nov. 2008

     content/abstract/19/4/431>.

2.) McKibben, Bill. Enough. New York, New York: Owl Books, 2003.

 

            I did not cite in my short story because I did not want to mess up the flow of the story, and because my research was not like normal research, which took quotes to straight facts.  The website I used (#1) had a survey in which they measured the amount of time teenagers spent procrastinating.  50.7% of the applicants in the survey reported frequent Internet procrastination.  Of those who procrastinated on the Internet, and it was estimated that 47% of the time spent on the Internet was used for procrastination.  Also, I cited Mckibben because I used his concept that he mentions in “Enough”, where he talks about the feeling that is experienced after watching a night of Primetime Television.  Mckibben describes the feeling as a feeling of wishing that you had done something else for that night.  This feeling of emptiness after extended uses of the television or Internet is the type of emptiness that is embodied in the main character Louie.

Lauren Fisher's Final Project: Human Nature – Innate or Learned?

Lauren Fisher
Dr. Adam Johns
ENGCMP 0200 – Seminar in Composition
December 5, 2008

Human Nature – Innate or Learned?

“Human nature” is defined by David J. Buller, author of Adapting Minds, as the concept that there are a set of logical characteristics, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting that all “normal” human beings have in common. One important debate surrounding human nature is whether or not it is an innate quality or a learned behavior. Innate behavior is classified as something that is inborn, genetic, biologically based, or inherited, and learned behavior is categorized as something that is acquired or social background. This perhaps is better known as the nature vs. nurture debate. This debate still rages on as scientists fight over how much of who we are is shaped by genes and how much by the environment. Lilith’s Brood, a novel by Octavia Butler, shows “what they call ‘the human contradiction,’ humanity’s ‘lethal’ combination of ‘mismatched genetic characteristics’: intelligence and hierarchical thinking” (Tucker 1). After reading this novel, I believe what Butler is trying to convey is that our hierarchical tendencies drive our intelligence, and these tendencies drive us to use our intelligence to try to dominate one another. We are all victims of the human contradiction. Therefore, we must learn to resist acting on our nastier and innate hierarchical tendencies, such as aggression, ignorance, fear, and racism, in order to achieve tolerance and prevent a nuclear war from occurring. After gathering other research information about the debate, I became convinced that human nature is an innate quality that is with us since birth and endows us with inborn abilities and traits.

First, it is necessary to define innatism. Innatism can be defined as a philosophical doctrine that holds that the mind is born with ideas/knowledge. Several philosophers have tried to define innateness with the intention of making sense of its use in cognitive psychology. Paul E. Griffiths, a Professor of history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh, states, “In cognitive psychology, however, whether a trait is innate is still regarded as a significant question and is often the subject of heated debate. Some [scientific authors] claim that the popular demand to know if something is ‘in our genes’ is best construed as a question about whether a trait is an adaptation” (1). Research shows that “innate” traits are those that are to be explained biologically rather than psychologically. The term “innate” has been used in animal behavior studies in seven different senses, such as: present at birth, a behavioral difference caused by a genetic difference, adapted over the course of evolution, unchanging through development, shared by all members of the species, not learned, and a distinctly organized system of behavior driven from within (Griffiths 3). Human nature is also related to the innate features of human beings. For example, “if you were to give a popular science talk and assert that, say, addictive behavior is part of human nature you can count on your audience interpreting this to mean that addictive behavior is innate” (Griffith 4). Cognitive psychology gives many detailed explanations of how innate characteristics are equivalent to human nature.

One example of a positive innate characteristic that humans possess is language. Language and culture, and how knowledge and ideas are processed, are all evidence for the innatism side of the debate. Leon Eisenberg, a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, argues that “[t]he capacity to acquire language must be generic because only the human species display this capacity” (7). Also, William O’Grady, a professor of linguistics at the University of Hawaii, believes that “children are born with a set of universal linguistic principles and that many aspects of adult grammar are innate” (4). Innatism is shown in language because humans are born with the ability to speak and understand language. Many linguists and scientists agree that it is impossible for a child to learn the rules of language from examples; the child must have innate rules to which the vocabulary of the language is fitted. A baby’s brain is inscribed with the genetic history of humankind, with the traits that allowed earlier humans to survive, and with many of the quirks that make individuals who they are.

One characteristic that certainly sets humans apart from the rest of the world is our intelligence. In Octavia Butler’s Lilith’s Brood, she discusses her fear that the human race will destroy itself because of its human contradiction – we are both intelligent and hierarchical. The Oankali seek to interbreed with the survivors of a nuclear war in order to remove this conflict between humanity’s genetic traits. Because the conflict involves humans’ genes, it can be said that the human contradiction is an innate trait. Jdahya explains to Lilith, “You are intelligent. That’s the newer of the two characteristics, and the one you might have put to work to save yourselves. You are potentially one of the most intelligent species we’ve found, though your focus is different from ours” (Butler 39). The Oankali believe that no matter where humans are, they will eventually destroy themselves with their intelligence. Eisenberg asserts, “Man’s intelligence permits him the conscious choice of goals and so differentiates him from the rest of animate existence” (7). This is important because our ability to reflect and consciously choose the values we instill in our children enables us as a species to be whatever we want to be. James VanHise believes:

Unlike most animals, we have a large cerebral cortex that allows for reasoning, consideration, creativity and culture. The instinct-controlling part of our brain is relatively insignificant in comparison to the cortex, and can be superseded by will and thought. It is this “flexible response” capability that enabled humans to survive and rise above the rest of the animal kingdom. (1)

I believe that human intelligence is separated from the intelligence of the rest of the animal kingdom because we are able to knowingly make our own decisions and choices based on our morals, ethics, and beliefs. Our intelligence has given us a positive advantage that has helped us through natural selection. However, if we become too intelligent, we might possess the power and knowledge to destroy ourselves, as demonstrated in Lilith’s Brood.

The second characteristic that makes up the human contradiction is that we are hierarchical. Jdahya again elaborates, “That’s the older and more entrenched characteristic. We saw it in your closest animal relatives and in your most distant ones. It’s a terrestrial characteristic” (Butler 39). The Oankali believe that humans were doomed from the start, because of their aggressions and hierarchical behavior. Jeffrey Tucker reveals that “the human propensity for hierarchical thinking sustains it and maps it on to another group, at a higher, species-oriented, taxonomic level” (6). I believe this to be true. Humans strive to be the superior species and feel that they must always be the biggest, the richest, and the best at everything. Humans place themselves at the top of the hierarchy pyramid above all other living organisms. Lilith however argues against all this and does not think that it could be that simple. The Oankali lecture Lilith about the superiority of their egalitarian, nonviolent lifestyle, as opposed to the hierarchical, violent tendencies of humans. “On the face of it, ‘the human contradiction’ is a statement about human nature, a claim that the hierarchical thinking for which there are all too many examples in human history is an inevitable consequence of human DNA coding” (Tucker 12). After Akin persuades the Oankali of the necessity of a resister colony on Mars, he tells Yori, one of the resistors, “Human purpose isn’t what you say it is or what I say it is. It’s what your biology says it is--what your genes say it is” (Butler 501). This is further evidence that our human behavior of hierarchical thinking is a part of humanity’s biological hard-wiring and thus is an innate behavior.

The human contradiction can be found in real world examples, outside of the story told in Lilith’s Brood. “It is hierarchical thinking that Butler detected in Cold War-era rhetoric in the 1980s, particularly in the Reagan Administration’s delusional statements about achieving victory through nuclear warfare, which Butler identifies as an ‘inspiration’ for writing Lilith’s Brood” (Tucker 15). Butler states, “‘It’s less a matter of being programmed for self-destruction than it is that self-destruction occurs because we’re not willing to go beyond that principle of who’s got the biggest or the best or the most’” (Tucker 15). Here, Butler locates the human contradiction not at the level of the biological, of genetic “programming,” but, rather, as “principle,” at the level of culture and convention. This same principle structures and enables racism and sexism. Racism is a most deadly form of hierarchical thinking that support’s the novel’s theme of embracing difference (Tucker 10). Butler’s concern or interest is the hierarchical tendency to arrange groups vertically, to ascribe value to those at the top and to deny the value of those at the bottom. This way of thinking can be dangerous and causes it to be very easy to make stereotypes about different types of people who we see at the bottom of the pyramid. If we are as intelligent as we like to think we are, hopefully we will be able to avoid turning these hierarchical thoughts into hierarchical behavior and avoid destroying one another as a result of this behavior.

Aggression is one of the main behavioral instincts that factor into whether we can keep ourselves from destroying each other. Many psychologists debate whether it is instinct or culture that drives us to commit atrocities, such as murder and war. I believe that there is to human nature a nature that is motivated by territorial obligations and provoked by aggressive instincts. Leon Eisenberg states, “The tendency to aggression is an innate, independent, instinctual disposition in man” (2). VanHise agrees that “we are born with aggressive instincts. Human nature is violent. War is inevitable” (1). Many of our ideas about society and how it should be organized are based on this idea, and much of our thinking starts with the basic principle that human beings are born-killers.

One way to determine whether or not aggression is an innate human trait is to examine other cultures. The other side of the debate says that if just one culture can be found that values cooperation and nurturing over violence, then we can conclude that aggression is a learned cultural response, not a human instinct (VanHise 1). Research shows that some cultures are extremely violent warrior societies where aggression is highly valued, but other cultures are gentle and peaceful, with few instances of violent crime or war. Eisenberg further summarizes, “The phenomenon of war is unknown to one society, appears in a second only under environmental stress, but is a lethal ‘game’ without apparent material benefit in a third” (8). However, I do not believe that by finding one example of a society that is not violent disproves the entire notion that aggression is a human instinct. There are several other variables that could explain why some cultures and societies are more or less violent than other ones. Perhaps the more peaceful societies have learned how to counteract their innate aggressive instincts and have become more tolerant of others. Moreover, even the most peaceful societies are still involved in the bloodiest of wars. War has increased in intensity and duration, reaching its culmination in modern society (Eisenberg 8). Also, “when violence is sanctioned, it will increase” (Eisenberg 9). This reveals that when violent acts are being authorized and allowed, people will commit more of them because of their innately aggressive instincts.

Further evidence that supports my belief that human nature is an innate quality is the concept of natural selection and Darwinism. Nativism is the idea that the mind cannot learn unless it has the rudiments of innate knowledge. William James, a psychologist and philosopher, believed that human beings were equipped with innate tendencies that were derived not from experience but from the Darwinian process of natural selection. In Paul Griffiths view, “[t]his intentional or normative element of the innateness concept is today usually assimilated to the idea of design by natural selection: innate traits are those that the organism is designed to possess or which are programmed in its genes” (2). Many anthropologists believe that it is our ability to cooperate with one another, not our ability to fight or compete that is our evolutionary survival trait (VanHise 1). “The idea of brotherhood is not new, but what is special to our times is that brotherhood has become the precondition for survival” (Eisenberg 10).

In addition, the debate over innate ideas is a possible turning point in the integration of Darwinism with the human sciences. “If it became recognized that human minds are infused with content many of whose specifics are the downstream consequence of natural selection, this would require revision throughout psychology, neuroscience, and the social sciences” (Tooby 4). Humans’ innatism has helped them in their quest for survival because through natural selection, favorable heritable traits have become more common in successive generations and unfavorable heritable traits have become less common. The traits we possess innately are very important to our survival as a species because natural selection is based on hereditary characteristics. By passing on only the positive traits to our offspring, we are ensuring their survival and their ability to do the same with their own offspring. Only shortly after Darwin’s development of the idea of natural selection, he realized that natural selection provided an elegant, naturalistic explanation for the origin of innate ideas.

Additionally, an ongoing debate that focuses on whether human nature is an innate quality or a learned experience is the nature versus nurture debate. The nature vs. nurture debate concerns the relative importance of an individual’s innate qualities (“nature”) versus personal experiences (“nurture”) in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. It has been reported that the use of the terms “nature” and “nurture” can be traced back to 13th century France. Some scientists think that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even “animal instincts.” Other scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so.

Supporters of the nurture theory believe genetic tendencies ultimately do not matter -- that our behavioral aspects originate only from the environmental factors of our upbringing. Benjamin Lahey, author of Psychology: An Introduction, concludes, “Although the influence of heredity on human behavior and mental processes is significant, the events that we experience in our environments play a profoundly important role as well” (100). Griffiths supports this belief and says, “The innate traits are simply the complement of the learnt traits” (3). There are two different types of environments that followers of the nurture theory believe influences us: physical environments and social environments. “When psychologists speak of the important role in the environment in shaping our lives, we are referring to both the physical and the psychological environment” (Lahey 101). For example, some of the chemicals we are exposed to from water and air pollution may influence human behavior and mental processes. There is even stronger evidence that greater exposure to alcohol during pregnancy has a casual impact on the level of aggressive and rule-breaking behavior later in childhood (101).

Human beings are also profoundly influenced by their social environments. Lahey explains, “Our parents, siblings, friends, and neighborhoods all influence us. The language that we speak, the foods that we eat, and the beliefs that we hold are all influenced by other people” (101). For instance, parents, siblings, friends, and neighborhoods all influence the likelihood that an adolescent will smoke cigarettes and suffer the health consequences caused by smoking. According to psychologist Steven Pinker, nature -- not nurture, culture or learning -- is the key.
Pinker declares, “Parents affect which peer group a child falls into. They teach their children skills such as sports, musical instruments, and school skills. And, at least during childhood, parents strongly affect their children’s happiness and well-being” (Painter 2). I believe this to be true because my parents instilled on me an appreciation for music and motivated me to develop good study skills to help me do well in school. However, sports were not a big emphasis during my childhood so I did not develop exceptional athletic skills.

Another characteristic that the nurture theory seeks to explain is aggression. Children are presented with many opportunities to learn violent behavior. Children see that violence pays off, and they are provided with adult models of violent behavior with whom to identify, both on television and in real life (Eisenberg 9). National leaders also endorse violence as an appropriate response to the resolution of intergroup conflict. “Learning may not account completely for human aggression, but the social forces in contemporary society that encourage its development are so evident that preoccupation with hypothesized biological factors is almost impractical” (Eisenberg 9). According to Eisenberg, the social environmental factors are so profound that the explanations of the biological factors pale in comparison.

The culture to which we belong is a prime source of the social influences that affect our behavior and make one individual different from another. VanHise believes that if peaceful cultures exist, then we can conclude that aggression is a learned cultural response, not a human instinct (1). Also, according to Pinker, “[p]arents should be relieved that they can’t mold their children’s intellects and personalities with the right toys, books, and experiences. There is a tendency to blame mothers for everything that goes wrong with their children” (Painter 2). However, Pinker adds that “research suggests that within a culture, about half the variation among people’s personalities is caused by differences in their genes; little is caused by the homes and parents they grew up with; and half is caused by something else” (Painter 2). This shows that while parents can help teach their children how to develop skills, they cannot possess complete control over their personalities. A further example is a study in New Scientist that suggests that sense of humor is a learned trait, influenced by family and cultural environment, and not genetically determined. In summary, the nurture theory proposes that human nature is a learned experience that only comes from watching and learning from others. Humans model one another’s behavior and acquire these characteristics through their physical and social environments.

At the other end of the spectrum, is the nature theory. The nature theory declares that abstract traits such as intelligence, personality, and aggression are encoded in an individual’s DNA. One of the main supporting arguments for the nature theory comes from the study of identical and fraternal twins. Identical (monozygotic) twins are identical in appearance because they have the same genetic structure. Fraternal (dizygotic) twins are no more alike genetically than are siblings born at different times. If a characteristic of behavior is influenced to some degree by heredity, monozygotic twin pairs (who share 100% of their genes) will be more similar to each other than will dizygotic twin pairs (who share 50% of their genes, on average, like typical siblings born at different times). “The many experiments conducted using twins have revealed the influence of heredity on behavior. For example, studies of twins have suggested that intelligence is partly determined by heredity. Monozygotic twins who have identical genetic structure have almost identical IQ scores. Dizygotic twins and ordinary siblings share only half of their genes and have considerably less similar IQ scores than monozygotic twins” (Lahey 95). These conclusions must be true because if genetics did not play a part, then fraternal twins, reared under the same conditions, would be alike, regardless of differences in their genes. But, while studies show they do more closely resemble each other than do non-twin brothers and sisters, they also show these same striking similarities when reared apart – as in similar studies done with identical twins. The nurture theory tries to show that environments in which the twins were reared are significant, but the nature theory clearly disputes this and proves that intelligence is in fact a genetic characteristic.

The view that humans acquire all or almost all of their behavioral traits from “nurture” is known as tabula rasa, or “blank slate.” This question was once considered to be an appropriate division of developmental influences, but since both types of factors are known to play such interacting roles in development, many modern psychologists consider the question naive – representing an outdated state of knowledge. John Tooby, co-director for the Center for Evolutionary Psychology and author of the article “Resolving the Debate on Innate Ideas” made the following counter-argument to the nurture theory:

For evolutionary psychologists, the blank slate view is both theoretically implausible (as it would pointlessly and fatally handicap any animal so designed), and inconsistent with the comparative evidence. Darwin and subsequent evolutionary researchers have investigated numerous species in which organisms display knowledge and competences which, as we have argued, they did not acquire ontogenetically from any general-purpose, content-independent neurocomputational procedure. That is, many species develop knowledge that is absent from the stimuli they have access to, and not uniquely entailed by it. (4)

I agree with Tooby because if animals were born with a blank slate and had to learn all of their behavioral traits and characteristics, they would have very little chance of surviving. Evidence shows that these animals possess knowledge and skills that they did not obtain through their environment. Concisely, the nature theory shows that many of our characteristics and traits are genetic and are with us since birth.

In conclusion, human nature is a very important topic to study because it dictates what we think, how we feel, how we act, and who we are. There are those who believe in the nature theory that traits are genetic, and there are those who believe in the nurture theory that behaviors originate only from environmental factors. After researching evidence, support, and counter-arguments from both sides of the debate, I believe that most of our traits are genetic and I support the nature theory. I agree with Griffiths who observes, “Innateness is a term in common use, and one that represents a highly intuitive way of thinking about living systems” (5). I believe that scientists and psychologists will continue to argue for both sides of the debate and might change their opinions as more and more research is conducted and new discoveries are made. The world may never know whether or not nature, nurture, or an interplay of both nature and nurture are responsible for giving us our behaviors, characteristics, traits, and skills, but it is still a very important and on-going debate. Similarly to Octavia Butler inviting her readers to question her grim view of human nature, as portrayed in Lilith’s Brood, and encouraging their intellectual curiosity, the nature vs. nurture debate provokes our curiosity as more evidence and research is made presentable to us. The debate challenges us to see the situation from both sides and then make our own personal decision on whether human nature is innate or learned.


Works Cited

Butler, Octavia E. Lilith's Brood. Grand Rapids: Grand Central, 2000.

Eisenberg, Leon. "The "Human" Nature of Human Nature." Science, New Series 176.4031
(1972): 123-128. JSTOR. 14 Apr. 1972. 16 Nov. 2008 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1732969.

Griffiths, Paul E. "What is Innateness?" Monist 85 (2002): 70-86. MLA International
Bibliography. EBSCO. University of Pittsburgh ULS, Pittsburgh. 16 Nov. 2008 http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000108/00/what_is_innateness.pdf.

Lahey, Benjamin B. Psychology: An Introduction. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

O'Grady, William. "Innateness, universal grammar, and emergentism." Lingua 118 (2008):
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